Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. 13, No. 1 print : chromolithograph. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Keppler portrays the conflict between the British and Sudanese as a struggle of the representatives of civilization against the forces of barbarism. Although the imagery used to depict the barbarians is not specifically evocative of the Middle East, it is a reflection of the predominant Western attitude toward the enterprise of colonialism and imperialism at the dawn of the twentieth century. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Weekly: https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. 301-314 (2010). 18, No. Includes bibliographical references and index. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. No known restrictions on publication. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Klein, Thoralf. Written by the French Africanist and . Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). II. Co., Puck Bldg. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. Orig. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. 3, pp. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature Free Documentary - Nature 1.31M subscribers Subscribe 28K Share 3.3M views 1 year ago #FreeDocumentaryNature #Africa #Documentary From. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Sitemap From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. Civilization (to China). The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Source:Library of Congress. S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. Rus. The Cape to Cairo Railway was an unfinished project to create a railway line crossing Africa from south to north. Vuitton Travel & Luxury Lifestyle curates the Great North Road tour, a 22-day trek starting in Cape Town, taking guests from one natural and historic wonder to the next, and ending up in Cairo . Smith, Arthur Henderson. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. He talks to each student separately and tells them that he is sure that they shared answers, but he cannot be sure who copied from whom. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. Source: Bibliothque nationale de France. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Tuffnell, Stephen. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. [1] [2] The project was never completed. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Designed using Unos. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. Does the artist portray imperialism in a positive or negative light? The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) (detail). Source:Library of Congress. Cohen, Paul A. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon for Judge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled "Education" and "Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. 730-735 (2008). and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) Powered by WordPress. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Brown, Arthur Judson. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. The war with the Boers (who were ethnically Dutch and Afrikaans-speaking) took place in the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodical LAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. 11 [-21]. Source: Library of Congress. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. David Ewing Duncan is the author of seven books including the worldwide bestseller Calendar. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. Coinciding with the British reconquest of the Sudan was this cartoon drawn by Joseph Keppler, a frequent contributor to the American political satire and humor magazine, Puck. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . It would have been the largest and most important railway of that continent. [Read Online]. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Citing Primary Sources. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. The word "Civilization" (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. , 1902. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. - On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Mott, Frank Luther. As early as mid 1899, for example, Life called attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Library of Congress Duplication Services. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. | In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Date 1902 December 10. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. 4, pp. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. I relegated an escort. This ca. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. Photograph. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2014 Visualizing Cultures. He offers each student a dealif they both sign a statement admitting to . After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built, U.S.S. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. AHistory of American Magazines. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. December 10, 1892] [MORE], The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. - The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. Long May It Wave. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. Translated from Russian. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Appelbaum, Stanley. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Co., Puck Bldg. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. But the urge to span the continent from bottom to top did not die with Rhodes's dream . (Some images display only as thumbnails outside | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph.