I dont have the theological education to adequately discern the legitimacy of some of the claims foreign to me. Obviously, these individuals did not believe we mischaracterized their views; they simply disagreed with our understanding of the relevant biblical passages.]. The past few decades have witnessed a growing influence of this movement among conservative Christians. The HRM certainly cannot condemn those who celebrate Hanukkah for a couple of reasons. For example, HRM proponents criticize Christians who celebrate Christmas for a variety of reasons. Hanukkah is an eight-day holiday to remember the rededication of the temple following the Maccabean Revolt (c. 167160 BC). WebMarty Solomon President & Director of Discipleship. TO LOVE OTHERS. Fortunately, some great mentors pointed Marty in the direction of different academic voices who were pursuing Scripture through the lens of a historical, Jewish perspectivea perspective Marty was unaware of. He asserts Joseph is egocentric. In the follow-up episode, beginning at the 7:20 mark, Solomon asserts that Joseph is exhibiting Jacob-like self-interest when Joseph asks to be remembered by the baker and cupbearer! BOYCOTT TBN Or are some of its teachings dangerous and divisive, worthy of correction and rejection? Although they often speak of keeping the law, they are usually inconsistent in how this is understood and defined. Some in the HRM have created divisions in the body of Christ by labeling non-HRM believers as pagans or accusing them of engaging in pagan practices. A deeper understanding of the Text will help you understand who God is more fully. He asserts Joseph is egocentric. In the follow-up episode, beginning at the 7:20 mark, Solomon asserts that Joseph is exhibiting Jacob-like self-interest when Joseph asks to be remembered by the baker and cupbearer! The Hebrew Roots Movement has influenced hundreds of thousands of Christians in recent decades. It's going to be hard to review this book, but I'll give it my best try. Who are you to pass judgment on the servant of another? You can find the BEMA Podcast here: https://www.bemadiscipleship.com/episodes Beginning in chapter eight, the message spreads beyond the city. Many Christians consider Luke to have been a Gentile, which would mean that Luke, Acts, and possibly Hebrews were written by a Gentile. Now therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my treasured possession among all peoples, for all the earth is mine; and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. These are the words that you shall speak to the people of Israel. (Exodus 19:36, emphasis added). The Bible is abundantly clear that God made this covenant with the people of Israel (the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), and Moses acted as their representative before the Lord. Thank you for signing up to receive email newsletters from Answers in Genesis. We were Jews and we stuck together. Notice Jesus did not command them to bring their future disciples into the nation of Israel, as God told Moses (Exodus 12:48), but to make disciples of Jesus among the nations. Broadly speaking, followers of the HRM believe that all believers in Christ are obligated to follow Jewish laws and practices from the books of Moses. occult symbols terminology And if it were wrong to celebrate it, why did he not take the opportunity to set people straight during the Feast of Dedication? Interviews. Before he ascended, Jesus delivered what is popularly called the Great Commission, in which he instructed his disciples to make disciples of all nations, and part of that process was to teach them to obey everything he had commanded them (Matthew 28:1820). Certainly, Christians should do the good works God has set before them (Ephesians 2:10), but we are not saved by such efforts, nor do those efforts keep us in a state of grace. Marty Solomon 's review. Email Address * Subject * Message * Thank you! We were Jews and we stuck together. HRM proponents have argued that since the Flood account distinguishes between clean and unclean animals (Genesis 7:8), then it follows that God was simply telling Noah that he could now eat clean animals; thus it is just like the Levitical restrictions. Besides the issue of the law being fulfilled, this claim raises two additional problems. I grew up in a traditional Jewish home in Montreal. Its easy to feel guilty that youve misread the The reason for this critique of the HRM is that some in the movement go far beyond the desire to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the historical and cultural background of Scripture and have fallen for false doctrine. A couple examples of arguments he makes (he might describe it is a conversation starter, not an argument). Translators and language scholars have labored for centuries to bring the best, most accurate possible meanings into English for us, and that is nothing to scoff at even though there are still missing pieces that can come to us through understanding the historical context, etc. However, Paul did place a stipulation on themthey were not to eat such meat if it would cause their brother to stumble. See Luke 24:27 where Luke calls this section Moses. However, since the Mosaic law is included in the Law portion he mentioned, it is appropriate to say that he came to fulfill it too. Marty Solomon is one of the voices of the BEMA Podcast and is currently the President of Impact Campus Ministries. The Bible specifies for us and warns us that in the last days there shall be "MANY FALSE PROPHETS." You can also sign up for our free print newsletter (US only). Why would the HRM celebrate such a festival when it is not mentioned in the Mosaic law? Luke 6:26, Remember that the kingdom of God is not about food and drink, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit (Romans 14:17). As we have already seen in Acts 15 and Galatians, the early churches often consisted of contingents of both Jews and Gentiles, and they struggled with the dynamic of Gentiles being brought near by the blood of Christ (Ephesians 2:13). Paul discussed dietary regulations and Sabbaths in Colossians 2, and these two aspects of the Mosaic law show up again in Romans 14. hypnosis They showed how the left hand plays bass chords, which are pleasant and rhythmic, but don't really tell you which song you're singing. That is, their emphasis is on what happened whereas the epistles focus is on how one should live. Later, he stated, We ourselves are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners; yet we know that a person is not justified by works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, so we also have believed in Christ Jesus, in order to be justified by faith in Christ and not by works of the law, because by works of the law no one will be justified (Galatians 2:1516). WebMarty now serves as the President of Impact Campus Ministries and has a passionate belief that the best way to pursue all of these dreams for changing the world is to work with the young adults who will be creating that world. You can find the BEMA Podcast here: https://www.bemadiscipleship.com/episodes Paul taught the same thing in 1 Corinthians 8. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Every year around Christmas, Answers in Genesis receives hundreds of messages (via email and Facebook) from people within the HRM who castigate the ministry for talking about Christmas and using it as a time to point people toward the Savior. If so, we should expect to see many more Arks being built around the world. Sharing the good news of Jesus Christ around the world. He longs to help them see why the work they do every day is part of how God is putting the world back together. He called it a destructive narrow-minded worldview and explained that the most destructive, narrow-minded aspects of it is that its adherents feel as if they are the entirety of Christianity rather than the tiny sliver of it that they actually are. He commanded Noah to build an Ark and to bring food for all the animals that would come to him, and Noah obeyed Gods commands (Genesis 6:22, 7:5). It appears the teacher, Marty Solomon, has a huge beard and looks like a hipster.I dont know how to take this. As conversation starters go, I'm very interested in the podcast and its perspective. They have leached onto every formerly sound doctrinal preacher and enchanted them into serving a false god. 1 John 4:1 It appears to me that these imposters keep trying to change their names in order to deceive and confuse people. The Gospel of Jesus, the New Covenant, is the song I sing. and Ive seen that produce a lot of guilt and fear in them. Watch along with Holy Spirit by The Bible Project on YouTube. Some have gone so far as to challenge orthodox Christian beliefs such as the Trinity and even the deity of Jesus Christ. In fact, they agreed at every point and drafted a letter to be sent out to Gentile believers that included the following words: The brothers, both the apostles and the elders, to the brothers who are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia, greetings. I am new to this forum, and found it because I wondered if anyone out there has checked out Bema thoroughly and has any red flags. I create content and resources that will help you grow in your understanding of the Text so you can more fully understand who God is and be freed from all of that guilt and fear. Thank you. Does the Old Testament have any teachings similar to this? Marty now serves as the President of Impact Campus Ministries and has a passionate belief that the best way to pursue all of these dreams for changing the world is to work with the young adults who will be creating that world. Last Name. In fact, the text specifically states twice that man was now permitted to eat every moving thing, and it mentions no restrictions. We were Gods chosen people, but that status meant little to me except as a barrier that separated us from those who were not. For the desires of the flesh are against the Spirit, and the desires of the Spirit are against the flesh, for these are opposed to each other, to keep you from doing the things you want to do. SIGNS weird manifestations Philippians 3:18-19, Interviews. Ministries), Ian Andrews (International Association of Healing Ministries), LaNora Van Ardsall (Fountaingate Ministries International), John and Carol Arnott (Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship), Jill Austin (Master Potter Ministries), B: Heidi Baker (Iris Ministries), Jim and Lori Bakker (The New Jim Bakker Show), Jim and Mary Baker (Zion Christian Fellowship), John Belt (Live In His Presence Ministries), Todd Bentley, Mike Bickle (The International House of Prayer), Paul and Cheryl Black (Cornerstone Fellowship), Shawn Bolz (Expression 58), William Branham[1], C: Paul Cain (Shiloh Ministries), Wes and Stacey Campbell (RevivalNow!, BeAHero.org), Michael and Natalie Chevalier (France Revival), Nolan and Heather Clark (Jesus Feast/Revival Town), Randy Clark (Global Awakening), Kim Clement, Denny and Ann Cline (Albany Vineyard Church), Bobby Connor (EaglesView Ministries), Graham Cooke, Paul and Donna Cox (Aslan's Place), Dennis Cramer, D: Kimberly Daniels (Spoken Word Ministries), Paul Keith David (WhiteDove Ministries), Matt Dentino (Outreach Ministries International), E: John Eckhardt (IMPACT Network), Lou Engle (LouEngle.com), Aaron Evans (Emerging Daniel Company), Mike Evans (Wholeness Ministries), F: Emerson and Ana Mendez-Ferrell (Voice of the LIght Ministries), Will Ford (Will Ford Ministries), Theresa Forkins-Phillips (Chicago Prophetic Voice), Francis Frangipane, Sandi Freed, G: Joseph Garlington (Covenant Church of Pittsburgh), James and Michal Ann Goll (Encounters Network), H: Bill Hamon (Christian International), Scott Hicks (True Worship Ministries), Rodney Howard-Browne (Revival Ministries International), Ray Hughes (Selah Ministries), Theresa Hurlbert (Somebody Cares Ministries), I: Israel Relief Fund: A Caring Coalition for Such a Time as This, International School of Reconciliation Studies, J: Cindy Jacobs (Generals of Intercession), Harry Jackson, Jr. (The Hope Connection), Bill Johnson (Bethel Church), Bob Jones (Kansas City Prophet), Manasseh Jordon[2], Rick Joyner (Morningstar Ministries), L: Curt Landry (Israel Relief Fund), Marty Layton (LifePointe Church), Martha Lucia (Watchman Network), Keith and Sanna Luker (Prophetic Worship Radio), M: Jonathan Maracle (Broken Walls), Nancy Magiera (HUB Ministries), Cindy McGill (Hope for the Harvest), Reeni Mederos (Warriors Cave), Keith Miller (Stand Firm World Ministries), Joshua and Janet Mills (New Wine International), Myles Munroe (Bahamas Faith Ministries), P: Ben Peters (Open Heart Ministries), Jason Phillips (Revival Town Ministries), Churck Pierce (Glory Zion Ministries), Don Potter (PotterHausMusic.net), Paula Price, Prophetic.TV, R: Larry Randolph, Rick Ridings (Succat-Hallel Tabernacle of Praise), Alberto and Kimberly Rivera (Raining Presence), Ras Robinson (Fullness Online), S: John and Paul Sandford (Elijah House Ministries), Kent Simpson (Prophetic Ministries Today), Dutch Sheets, Brian Simmons (Gateway Christian Fellowship), Donna Smallenberg, Matt Sorger, Peter Spencer (Sound of Passion), Jay Swallow (Two Rivers Native American Training Center), T: Wade Taylor, Richard Twiss (Wiconi International), W: C. Peter Wagner (Global Harvest Ministries), David and Kathie Walters (GoodNews Ministries), M Leon Walters (The Latter House Kingdom Ministries), Sandy Warner (The Quickened Word), Barbara Wentroble (Wentroble Christian Ministries), Sharnael Wolverton (Swiftfire Ministries International), Y: Bill Yount (Blowing the Shofar Ministries), they [referring to Jerusalem] had Bickle and Lou Engle over there around a couple years ago - and I do want to encourage you for it was the - YOUTH - there that said they discerned this was not from God and they were very voiceterous to stand up against it and to speak out against all this-Lynn, www.johnthebaptisttv.com/bbpress/topic/2747-, Exodus 7:11, Marty Solomon Co-Host of The BEMA Podcast Website YouTube Marty Solomon has hosted 307 Episodes. Although he was raised in a Catholic family and received some Catholic religion education, he broke away from it during his early years. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Name * First Name. Instead of being under the law, Paul stated that in Christ, we have liberty and do not need to rely on law-keeping. His ability to bring cultural context to the events of Scripture has been outstanding and I believe is incredibly relevant especially when studying the OT. Jon discusses Marty Solomon's new book, "Asking Better Questions of the Bible: a Guide for the Wounded, Wary, & Longing for More" along with. If he was not in Jerusalem to celebrate the holiday, then what was he there for? The Queen You Thought You Knew by Rabbi David Fohrman. Finally, they drew a lovely analogy between piano music and the Bible. The Hebrew Roots Movement has influenced hundreds of thousands of Christians in recent decades. Marty Solomon is one of the voices of the BEMA Podcast and is currently the President of Impact Campus Ministries. A deeper understanding of the Text will help you understand who God is more fully. POWERFUL MYSTERY: Rob did a great job of communicating the empowered mystery of this ancient library of texts. Marty Solomon talks about the Holy Spirit from the perspective of the Hebrew scriptures and examines how Jesus calls back to Isaiah. Chief among these understandings is the notion that the law was intended to be binding on all people throughout history. 2 Peter 2:1-3, .upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. WebWe believe that God the Father holds all the attributes of God while exercising a unique role in the Godhead. Who has bewitched you? But I certainly do not believe it made me any holier than fellow believers who have not had such a wonderful opportunity. That does not mean the opposite is true: "The Bible does not speak objective truths about actual history; nature; the nature of existance; the nature of anything" I see an implied false dichotomy and they repeat it often. A group of people known as Judaizers had troubled the churches in Galatia with the idea that believers in Christ must submit to the Mosaic law, with circumcision being highlighted throughout the letter. A movement within Protestant Christianity that embraces present-day apostles and prophets who claim they govern the church and give new divine revelation needed to set up God's EARTHLY kingdom. I have spoken with someone in the HRM who responded to this by saying that this referred only to the evangelistic message, and that once a Gentile became a believer, then he would be expected to be circumcised and keep the law. In this interview, Joshua Brown has a conversation about some topics that have been big revelations for us as a church. Observing these festivals can help one acquire a better grasp of the Bibles context. They were to abstain from pagan sacrifices (Leviticus 17:89), from blood (17:1014), things strangled (17:1314),6 and sexual immorality (18:623). There is no mention of any change in this regulation until Genesis 9:3, which records the Lord telling Noah after the Flood, Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. Recall the simplicity of the gospel, which is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and also for the Gentile (Romans 1:16). Marty Solomon 's review. One person esteems one day as better than another, while another esteems all days alike. They practice certain Jewish customs and traditions because these things are part of their cultural heritage. 319: The Forgotten Women Presentism and Primitivism 23 February 2023 | Season 6 | 46 mins 43 secs 318: Alonzo Felder Discovering A. S. J. Allen 16 February 2023 | Season 6 | 1 hr 6 mins 317: Asking Better Questions of the Bible w/ The decision of the Jerusalem Council carried the combined weight of the apostles and confirmation of the Holy Spirit. Sinai, and Moses went up the mountain to hear from God. But the Gospel of Jesus Christ is for all peoples. Paul urges these Gentile converts to understand that they are in danger of losing their reward if they seek to be sanctified in any way outside of faith in Christ, whether it be legalism (verse 16) or other fleshly practices, such as asceticism and mysticism (verses 1823). Long post warning. They identify the supporting bass chords to Western analytical thinking, and the defining melody to Eastern thinking.Applying the analogy to what I know and believe about life and truth and the Bible, the analogy gives me cognitive dissonance as applied. Whatever you do, start exploring the many ways that exist here to learn about the Bible. 1 Timothy 4:1, WebMarty Solomon Theres a better way to read the Bible. How Do We Know the Bible Is True? MARK BEAST CHIP Downplaying the teaching contained in these letters is unwise, particularly since most of these letters were specifically composed to instruct the various churches or individuals on matters of Christian doctrine and practice. G. Richard Fisher, Bewitching Believers Through the Hebrew Roots Movement, Berean Call, January 1, 2014. Im an author, content creator, and resource creator on a mission to examine bad readings of the Bible and reconstruct better readings of the Bible that are informed by historical/Jewish context. One writer summarized the HRM in the following way: It is a very modern movement that insists that we must resurrect first-century Judaism (our Jewish Roots) and the milieu and lifestyle of first-century Jews and impose them on both Jewish and non-Jewish believers. And MANY false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many. How could Paul, a Jewish believer in the Messiah, tell people that they do not need to observe special days or dietary restrictions? Jeffrey Vander Laan Vice President & Director of Operations. Marty Solomon is one of the voices of the BEMA Podcast and is currently the President of Impact Campus Ministries. Jesus and all of his apostles were Jews. This is equally wrong and borders on legalism. He also told Noah that murderers deserve to be put to death, because man was made in Gods image (Genesis 9:6). The second danger is in ones expecting others to keep the same commandments he has decided to keep. However, persuasive arguments can be raised to support Luke being a Jew. However we received many responses from HRM proponents seeking to defend the beliefs and practices described in the article. In this interview, Joshua Brown has a conversation about some topics that have been big revelations for us as a church. . He studied at Boise Bible College and received a Bachelor of Arts in Christian Ministries. I'll review it around a few themes that rose to the top for me throughout the read. And if God changed the dietary restrictions at the time of Noah and the time of Moses, then there is no reason he could not have done so at the time of Jesus (Mark 7:1819). After reading some reviews online Im hearing a whole lot of, revolutionised the way I read the bible and the things Ive been taught about the scripture were not the way the were originally viewed. We have a lot of prophets. The reason for the restrictions was so that the Gentile Christians who were not under the Mosaic law would not unnecessarily offend the Jews. All page urls have been changed to meet compliancy standards. * * * * WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING * * * *, The Midnight Cry and the Rapture of the Church. Thank you. Marty Solomon talks about the Holy Spirit from the perspective of the Hebrew scriptures and examines how Jesus calls back to Isaiah. These are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance belongs to Christ (Colossians 2:1617). Jeffrey Vander Laan Vice President & Director of Operations. Put them together and you have something wonderful and complete. This might be true if I was joining the Jewish religion. WebTalking with Marty Solomon of the BEMA podcast about a myriad of things such as the nature of discipleship, the holy Scriptures, why BEMA has blown up and whether or not any of us are saved or Christians at all. Interviews. The movement places a strong emphasis on Hebrew traditions and the Law of Moses. View fullsize. President of Impact Campus MinistriesHost of The BEMA Podcast. In his later years he strongly embraced the teachings of John H. watts III, R. A. Crabb and C. Harry Anderson. The Lord called to him out of the mountain, saying, Thus you shall say to the house of Jacob, and tell the people of Israel: You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles wings and brought you to myself. Therefore let no one pass judgment on you in questions of food and drink, or with regard to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath. This simple fact undermines the central tenet of the HRMthe Mosaic law was not binding on all people throughout history. In recent years, an increasing number of Christians have adopted teachings associated with the Hebrew Roots Movement (HRM). Take a trip to Israel or Turkey. But seriously, Ive listened to the first episode on Genesis 1 where he outlines his beliefs about its poetic form and teaches that one of the primary focuses, is introducing the idea of sabbath/rest to the Israelite community. model prayers I grew up in a traditional Jewish home in Montreal. So why is it acceptable for traditions to be added to the Passover celebration but not to holidays deemed unacceptable by the HRM? If ever there was a time in early Christianity to teach that Gentiles should follow the law, this was it. (Acts 15:2326, 2829, emphasis added). When HRM proponents condemn Christians for not following the Mosaic law and/or extrabiblical Hebrew traditions, then they have crossed a line repeatedly rejected by the apostles. Alternate known names: Brownsville Revivals, Elijah List, Florida Revivals, IHOP, Kansas City Prophets, New Apostolic Reformation (NAR)A movement within Protestant Christianity that embraces present-day apostles and prophets who claim they govern the church and give new divine revelation needed to set up God's EARTHLY kingdom., Toronto Blessing. Watch along with Holy Spirit by The Bible Project on YouTube. Email Address * Subject * Message * Thank you! What I was learning wasnt giving me the answers I was looking for. This article describes the nature of the movement, examines some of its major beliefs in light of relevant biblical passages, and challenges those who have been influenced by its teachings. Furthermore, this criticism is a wee bit like the clover calling the grass green. WebMarty Solomon Interview: Asking Better Questions of the Bible. Jesus & It is not unusual to see some HRM proponents give themselves Hebrew names, identify as Torah observant, write God as G-d, eat only kosher foods, claim that the New Testament was originally written in Hebrew (or at least several books were), condemn numerous Christian traditions as pagan, and dismiss teachings from Pauls epistles. Should we assume that every believer must also follow these commands? Many of the most serious errors of the HRM stem from its understanding of certain biblical covenants. FALSE PROPHETS Others understood that the food itself was not defiled by an idol and that God is the Creator of all things, so they had no qualms about eating it. Once again, it is difficult to be much clearer than what Paul wrote here. Now that you have the tools you need to better understand the Text, commit yourself to growingnot just in knowledge, but in your intimacy with God and in the awareness of who Hes shaping you to become. Then they conclude that since Jesus is God, his commandments would be the commandments given to Moses. Jeremiah 5:31, Please follow the instructions we emailed you in order to finish subscribing. In Bible times there were not very many real prophets of God. Let me ask you only this: Did you receive the Spirit by works of the law or by hearing with faith? They need to hear the same rebukes that Paul delivered to the Galatians who had been bewitched by teachings very similar to demands made by some in the HRM. I think many HRM adherents sincerely believe this and do trust in Christ for salvation. Internet Explorer is no longer supported. Many of the claims about these holidays by the HRM are flawed, being based on revisionist history, shoddy scholarship, and the misinterpretation of Scripture. organized religion I'll review it around a few themes that rose to the top for me throughout the read. ufo Just saw this. Thanks for writing a response. However, in the first two episodes. The last decade has been a journey of sharing resources, ideas, and experiences with others; Marty has a passion for teaching others how to ask better questions, pointing them toward experts who can help them grow and develop as followers of Jesus. Both positions are fine as long as each person is fully convinced in his own mind. It is a known fact that Gen 1 is a chiastic literary form. James stated, For whoever keeps the whole law, but fails in one point, has become guilty of all of it (James 2:10). When Jesus spoke of the Law and the Prophets, he was likely referring to sections of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) instead of the Mosaic law. After all, the Mosaic law was given by God to a specific group of people at a specific time. Every wonderful truth or insight I acquire from the Old Testament and its surrounding history supports and enriches the melody of Jesus. Also, several people responded to the original article claiming that it misrepresented their beliefs. (Romans 14:15). Join us in learning about the Bible and the story that God is inviting us to participate in. One person believes he can eat any type of food, but the one who is weak in faith believes he can only eat certain foods. Read the testimonials. You can find the BEMA Podcast here: https://www.bemadiscipleship.com/episodes But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh. One person highly esteems a given day while another esteems all days the same. But, as he did in Galatians, Paul rejected such a view and told these Gentiles not to let anyone judge them if they did not follow Jewish customs, such as the dietary laws, festivals, new moons, or Sabbaths. But HRM adherents do not follow the 613 commands (by traditional count) in the Mosaic lawthey focus only a small fraction of those. Try downloading another browser like Chrome or Firefox. Last Name. Dodging the Dangers of Presentism and Primitivism, Understanding Who We Are by Honoring Our Ancestors, Addressing Our Use of Twitter and Social Media, Thankful for How Far Weve Come, Hopeful for What Lies Ahead, The History of Textual Criticism on John and His Style, Jesus Restores Peter and John Concludes His Gospel, 319: The Forgotten Women Presentism and Primitivism, 318: Alonzo Felder Discovering A. S. J. Allen, 317: Asking Better Questions of the Bible w/ Erin Geiselman, 305: Gary Burge Interpreting the Gospel of John, 304: The Construction of the Gospel of John, 303: The History and Style of the Gospel of John.